In the morning when I rise
In the morning when I rise
In the morning when I rise
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
Oh give me Jesus
You can have all this world
Oh give me Jesus
When I am alone
Oh, when I am alone
And when I am alone
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
You can have all this world
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus, give me Jesus
Give me Jesus, cause it's all I need, give me Jesus
When I come to die
Oh, when I come to die
When I come to die
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
You can have all this world
Give me Jesus
Give me Jesus
You can have all this world
You can have all this world
You can have all this world
Give me Jesus...
African American Spiritual;
Eileen Guenther, in her text, In Their Own Words: Slave Life and the Power of Spirituals, states, "Spirituals affirm a complete trust in God to make right in the next world what was done wrong in this world..." (Guenther, 2016, XVIII). She notes, "spirituals are powerful, beautiful music of sorrow and hope" (Guenther, 2016, XIX). According to Bruno Chenu, spirituals are an expression of the Christian faith, seen through the lens of slavery and set to music from an African and European context (Chenu, 2003, 86). To help readers appreciate and understand spirituals in the context of American music, and specifically the music of the church, this article will focus on two perspectives: (1) a historical overview and characteristics of spirituals and (2) the use of spirituals in the context of African American worship and hymnody.
Jon Michael Spencer, in Protest & Praise: Sacred Music of Black Religion, states that Moses’ murder of the Egyptian was “the first blow for liberation” (Spencer, 1990, 4). Liberation is the resounding cry for the enslaved Africans, and Moses becomes the champion and role model for liberation. Liberation theologian Jose Migue-Bonino states, “Liberation is not simply a history that breaks in from a future totally unconnected with the present. It is a project which springs from the protest born of a suffering of the present; a protest to which God grants a future in which man enters through his action” (cited in Spencer, 8). Spirituals are the musical and theological interpretation of liberation for the slaves. In the end, God would do for the slaves what God did for the Israelites. “The resurrection-event means that God’s liberating work is not only for the house of Israel but for all who are enslaved by principalities and powers,” wrote James H. Cone in A Black Theology of Liberation, page 21 (cited in Spencer, 19).
Yolonda Y. Smith, author of Reclaiming the Spirituals: New Possibilities for African American Christian Education, describes spirituals as having eight characteristics: (1) Deep Biblicism—Spirituals without a specific biblical reference incorporate biblical overtones; (2) Eternality of message— The message of spiritual texts transcends time and speaks to the human condition; (3) Rhythm—The rhythm illustrates the strong connection with Africa; (4) Improvisation— Songs are easily improvised and used in diverse contexts; (5) Antiphony/call & response—Spirituals often begin with a chant that is led by the soloist or worship leader with a response from the choir/congregation; (6) Double/coded meanings—This allowed the slaves to communicate secret messages with one another without detection from their masters or slave owners; (7) Repetition— This was used to facilitate corporate memory; and (8) Unique imagery— Slaves could visualize or feel the images formed through spirituals (Smith, 2004, 59-61). The term “spiritual” does not appear before the Civil War; it comes from the expression “spiritual song” in Colossians 3:16 (Chenu, 2003, 96). It is difficult to discern when black religious chants were transformed into spiritual form, since the earlier versions were sung during slavery and were written down and eventually lost. Frederick Douglass, in his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, describes spirituals as “those simple and apparently incoherent songs” with “strong, long and profound accents” that “breathed the prayers and complaint of souls suffering the most cruel anguish. Each voice was a witness against slavery and a prayer that God would deliver us from our chains…I often found myself in tears listening to them” (cited in Chenu, 2003, 104-105).
기본카테고리
In the morning when I rise, when I am alone, Oh, when I come to die Give me Jesus, You can have all this world Give me Jesus
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